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Pejorative term for a person

1872 drawing depiction of Carl Schurz every bit a carpetbagger

In the history of the United states, carpetbagger is a largely historical term used by Southerners to describe opportunistic Northerners who came to the Southern states afterwards the American Civil War, who were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own financial, political, and/or social gain. The term broadly included both individuals who sought to promote Republican politics (including the right of African Americans to vote and hold office), and individuals who saw business and political opportunities considering of the chaotic state of the local economies post-obit the war. In do, the term carpetbagger was ofttimes applied to any Northerner who was present in the South during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). The term is closely associated with "scalawag", a similarly debasing word used to describe native White Southerners who supported the Republican Political party-led Reconstruction.

White Southerners commonly denounced "carpetbaggers" collectively during the mail service-war years, fearing they would loot and plunder the defeated South and be politically allied with the Radical Republicans.[1] Threescore men from the North, including educated free blacks and slaves who had escaped to the North and returned South afterwards the war, were elected from the Due south every bit Republicans to Congress. The bulk of Republican governors in the S during Reconstruction were from the North. [2]

Historian Eric Foner argues:

... almost carpetbaggers probably combine the desire for personal proceeds with a commitment to taking part in an endeavour "to substitute the culture of freedom for that of slavery". ... Carpetbaggers generally supported measures aimed at democratizing and modernizing the South – civil rights legislation, assist to economical evolution, the establishment of public school systems.[3]

Since the terminate of the Reconstruction era, the term has been used to announce people who move into a new area for purely economic or political reasons, despite not having ties to that place.

Etymology and definition [edit]

The term carpetbagger, used exclusively as a pejorative term, originated from the carpet bags (a form of cheap luggage made from carpeting fabric) which many of these newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders. The term is now used in the United States to refer to a parachute candidate, that is, an outsider who runs for public office in an area without having lived there for more than a brusque fourth dimension, or without having other significant community ties.[ citation needed ]

In the Uk at the end of the 20th century, carpetbagger developed another meaning: in British English it refers to people who join a mutual organization, such every bit a edifice society, in order to force it to demutualize, that is, to catechumen into a joint stock company. Such individuals are seeking personal financial gain through such deportment.[iv]

Groundwork [edit]

The Republican Party in the South comprised three groups after the Civil War, and white Democratic Southerners referred to with 2 derogatory terms. "Scalawags" were white Southerners who supported the Republican political party, "carpetbaggers" were recent arrivals in the region from the North, and freedmen were freed slaves.[5] Although "carpetbagger" and "scalawag" were originally terms of opprobrium, they are now commonly used in the scholarly literature to refer to these classes of people. Politically, the carpetbaggers were usually dominant; they comprised the majority of Republican governors and congressmen. However, the Republican Party inside each state was increasingly torn between the more conservative scalawags on 1 side and the more Radical carpetbaggers with their blackness allies on the other. In nearly cases, the carpetbaggers won out, and many scalawags moved into the bourgeois or Democratic opposition.[ citation needed ]

Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the Southward were edited past scalawags—20 percentage were edited by carpetbaggers. White businessmen more often than not boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government patronage.[6] [7]

Reforming impulse [edit]

Commencement in 1862, Northern abolitionists moved to areas in the Southward that had fallen under Union control.[8] Schoolteachers and religious missionaries went to the South to teach the freedmen; some were sponsored by northern churches. Some were abolitionists who sought to continue the struggle for racial equality; they ofttimes became agents of the federal Freedmen's Bureau, which started operations in 1865 to assist the vast numbers of recently emancipated slaves. The bureau established schools in rural areas of the South for the purpose of educating the more often than not illiterate Blackness and Poor White population. Other Northerners who moved to the South did so to participate in the assisting business of rebuilding railroads and various other forms of infrastructure that had been previously destroyed during the war.[9] [10]

During the time about blacks were enslaved, many were prohibited from being educated and attaining literacy. Southern states had no public schoolhouse systems, and upper-class white Southerners either sent their children to private schools (including in England) or hired private tutors. After the war, hundreds of Northern white women moved South, many to teach the newly freed African-American children. There they joined like-minded Southerners, near of which were employed by the Methodist and Baptist Churches, who spent much of their time instruction and preaching to slave and freedpeople congregations both before and later the Civil State of war.[eleven] [12]

Economic motives [edit]

Map of the United States in 1872, showing the disparity of wealth between the Northward and S during the Reconstruction Era

Initiatives such every bit the Southern Homestead Act, Sherman's field orders, and Reconstruction-era legislation by Radical Republicans aimed to strip the land, assets, and voting rights of Southerners believed to have supported the Confederates during the state of war. Although the stated purpose of these initiatives was to empower freedmen politically and economically, many carpetbaggers were businessmen who purchased or leased plantations. They became wealthy landowners, hiring freedmen and white Southerners to practice the labor through the development of sharecropping.[ citation needed ]

Carpetbaggers also established banks and retail businesses. Most were former Matrimony soldiers eager to invest their savings and energy in this promising new frontier, and civilians lured southward by press reports of "the fabulous sums of money to be made in the S in raising cotton." Foner notes that "joined with the quest for profit, however, was a reforming spirit, a vision of themselves every bit agents of sectional reconciliation and the Due south'due south "economic regeneration." Accustomed to viewing Southerners—black and white—as devoid of economical initiative, the "Puritan work ethic", and self-bailiwick, they believed that simply "Northern capital and energy" could bring "the blessings of a free labor organisation to the region."[13]

Carpetbaggers tended to be well educated and centre class in origin. Some had been lawyers, businessmen, and paper editors. The majority (including 52 of the 60 who served in Congress during Reconstruction) were veterans of the Union Army.[14]

Leading "blackness carpetbaggers" believed the interests of capital and labor were identical, and that the freedmen were entitled to little more than an "honest chance in the race of life."[15]

Many Northern and Southern Republicans shared a modernizing vision of upgrading the Southern economic system and society, i that would supersede the inefficient Southern plantation regime with railroads, factories, and more efficient farming. They actively promoted public schooling and created numerous colleges and universities. The Northerners were peculiarly successful in taking control of Southern railroads, aided by state legislatures. In 1870, Northerners controlled 21% of the Southward'southward railroads (past mileage); 19% of the directors were from the Due north. By 1890, they controlled 88% of the mileage; 47% of the directors were from the North.[16]

Prominent examples in state politics [edit]

Mississippi [edit]

Spousal relationship General Adelbert Ames, a native of Maine, was appointed armed forces governor and later was elected as Republican governor of Mississippi during the Reconstruction era. Ames tried unsuccessfully to ensure equal rights for blackness Mississippians. His political battles with the Southerners and African Americans ripped apart his political party.[17]

The "Black and Tan" (biracial) constitutional convention in Mississippi in 1868 included 30 white Southerners, 17 Southern freedmen and 24 non-southerners, nearly all of whom were veterans of the Union Army. They included four men who had lived in the S before the war, 2 of whom had served in the Confederate States Ground forces. Among the more prominent were Gen. Beroth B. Eggleston, a native of New York; Col. A. T. Morgan, of the Second Wisconsin Volunteers; Gen. West. S. Barry, onetime commander of a Colored regiment raised in Kentucky; an Illinois general and lawyer who graduated from Knox College; Maj. Due west. H. Gibbs, of the Fifteenth Illinois infantry; Judge W. B. Cunningham, of Pennsylvania; and Cap. E. J. Castello, of the Seventh Missouri infantry. They were among the founders of the Republican party in Mississippi.[ commendation needed ]

They were prominent in the politics of the land until 1875, but nearly all left Mississippi in 1875 to 1876 nether pressure from the Red Shirts and White Liners. These white paramilitary organizations, described as "the armed forces arm of the Democratic Party", worked openly to violently overthrow Republican rule, using intimidation and assassination to turn Republicans out of role and suppress freedmen'south voting.[eighteen] [19] [20] Mississippi Representative Wiley P. Harris, a Democrat, stated in 1875:

If whatever 2 hundred Southern men backed by a Federal assistants should get to Indianapolis, turn out the Indiana people, take possession of all the seats of power, honor, and profit, denounce the people at large as assassins and barbarians, introduce corruption in all the branches of the public administration, brand government a curse instead of a approval, league with the near ignorant class of lodge to make war on the enlightened, intelligent, and virtuous, what kind of social relations would such a country of things beget.[21]

Albert T. Morgan, the Republican sheriff of Yazoo, Mississippi, received a brief flurry of national attention when insurgent white Democrats took over the county government and forced him to flee. He later wrote Yazoo; Or, on the Picket Line of Freedom in the South (1884).[ commendation needed ]

On November half-dozen, 1875, Hiram Revels, a Mississippi Republican and the kickoff African-American U.Due south. Senator, wrote a letter to U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant that was widely reprinted. Revels denounced Ames and Northerners for manipulating the Black vote for personal benefit, and for keeping alive wartime hatreds:

Since reconstruction, the masses of my people have been, as it were, enslaved in heed by unprincipled adventurers, who, caring nothing for country, were willing to stoop to annihilation no matter how infamous, to secure power to themselves, and perpetuate it. ... My people have been told by these schemers, when men have been placed on the ticket who were notoriously corrupt and dishonest, that they must vote for them; that the salvation of the party depended upon it; that the man who scratched a ticket was not a Republican. This is only one of the many means these unprincipled demagogues have devised to perpetuate the intellectual bondage of my people. ... The bitterness and hate created by the late civil strife has, in my opinion, been obliterated in this state, except perhaps in some localities, and would have long since been entirely obliterated, were it not for some unprincipled men who would keep alive the bitterness of the past, and inculcate a hatred between the races, in society that they may aggrandize themselves past office, and its emoluments, to control my people, the effect of which is to dethrone them.[22]

Elza Jeffords, a lawyer from Portsmouth, Ohio who fought with the Ground forces of the Tennessee, remained in Mississippi later on the conclusion of the Ceremonious War. He was the last Republican to represent that state in the U.S. House of Representatives, having served from 1883 to 1885. He died in Vicksburg sixteen days later on he left Congress. The next Republican congressman from the land was not elected until eighty years later in 1964: Prentiss Walker of Mize in Smith Canton, who served a single term from 1965 to 1967.[ citation needed ]

North Carolina [edit]

Corruption was a charge fabricated by Democrats in North Carolina against the Republicans, notes the historian Paul Escott, "because its truth was apparent."[23] The historians Eric Foner and Westward. E. B. Du Bois have noted that Democrats too as Republicans received bribes and participated in decisions well-nigh the railroads.[24] Full general Milton S. Littlefield was dubbed the "Prince of Carpetbaggers", and bought votes in the legislature "to back up grandiose and fraudulent railroad schemes". Escott concludes that some Democrats were involved, but Republicans "bore the chief responsibility for the issue of $28 meg in state bonds for railroads and the accompanying abuse. This sum, enormous for the time, aroused swell concern." Foner says Littlefield disbursed $200,000 (bribes) to win support in the legislature for state money for his railroads, and Democrats as well equally Republicans were guilty of taking the bribes and making the decisions on the railroad.[24] Northward Carolina Democrats condemned the legislature's "depraved villains, who take bribes every day"; ane local Republican officeholder complained, "I deeply regret the course of some of our friends in the Legislature as well every bit out of information technology in regard to financial matters, it is very embarrassing indeed."[23]

Escott notes that extravagance and abuse increased taxes and the costs of authorities in a state that had e'er favored low expenditure. The context was that a planter aristocracy kept taxes low because it benefited them. They used their money toward individual ends rather than public investment. None of united states of america had established public school systems earlier the Reconstruction land legislatures created them, and they had systematically underinvested in infrastructure such equally roads and railroads. Planters whose properties occupied prime number riverfront locations relied on river transportation, only smaller farmers in the backcountry suffered.[23]

Escott claimed, "Some money went to very worthy causes—the 1869 legislature, for example, passed a school law that began the rebuilding and expansion of the state's public schools. Just far too much was wrongly or unwisely spent" to assist the Republican Party leadership. A Republican county commissioner in Alamance eloquently denounced the situation: "Men are placed in power who instead of carrying out their duties ... grade a kind of schoolhouse for to graduate Rascals. Aye if y'all volition requite them a few Dollars they volition liern yous for an accomplished Rascal. This is in reference to the taxes that are rung from the labouring class of people. Without a speedy reformation I will have to resign my mail."[23]

Albion W. Tourgée, formerly of Ohio and a friend of President James A. Garfield, moved to Due north Carolina, where he skilful as a lawyer and was appointed a guess. He once opined that "Jesus Christ was a carpetbagger."[25] Tourgée afterward wrote A Fool's Errand, a largely autobiographical novel most an idealistic carpetbagger persecuted by the Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina.[26]

South Carolina [edit]

A politician in South Carolina who was called a carpetbagger was Daniel Henry Chamberlain, a New Englander who had served as an officeholder of a predominantly black regiment of the United States Colored Troops. He was appointed South Carolina'southward chaser general from 1868 to 1872 and was elected Republican governor from 1874 to 1877. Equally a result of the national Compromise of 1877, Chamberlain lost his office. He was narrowly re-elected in a campaign marked past egregious voter fraud and violence against freedmen by Democratic Red Shirts, who succeeded in suppressing the black vote in some majority-black counties.[27] While serving in Due south Carolina, Chamberlain was a potent supporter of Negro rights.[ citation needed ]

Some historians of the early on 1930s, who belonged to the Dunning School that believed that the Reconstruction era was fatally flawed, claimed that Chamberlain was after influenced by Social Darwinism to become a white supremacist. They also wrote that he supported states' rights and laissez-faire in the economy. They portrayed "freedom" in 1896 equally the right to ascent to a higher place the rising tide of equality. Chamberlain was said to justify white supremacy by arguing that, in evolutionary terms, the Negro obviously belonged to an junior social order.[28]

Charles Woodward Stearns, also from Massachusetts, wrote an account of his experience in South Carolina: The Black Man of the South, and the Rebels: Or, the Characteristics of the Former and the Recent Outrages of the Latter (1873).[ commendation needed ]

Francis Lewis Cardozo, a blackness minister from New Haven, Connecticut, served as a delegate to S Carolina's 1868 Constitutional Convention. He made eloquent speeches advocating that the plantations be broken up and distributed amid the freedmen. They wanted their own country to farm and believed they had already paid for land by their years of uncompensated labor and the trials of slavery.[28]

Louisiana [edit]

Henry C. Warmoth was the Republican governor of Louisiana from 1868 to 1874. As governor, Warmoth was plagued by accusations of corruption, which continued to be a affair of controversy long afterwards his death. He was accused of using his position as governor to merchandise in country bonds for his personal do good. In addition, the newspaper company which he owned received a contract from the state government. Warmoth supported the franchise for freedmen.[29]

Warmoth struggled to pb the state during the years when the White League, a white Autonomous terrorist organization, conducted an open up entrada of violence and intimidation against Republicans, including freedmen, with the goals of regaining Democratic power and white supremacy. They pushed Republicans from political positions, were responsible for the Coushatta Massacre, disrupted Republican organizing, and preceded elections with such intimidation and violence that black voting was sharply reduced. Warmoth stayed in Louisiana after Reconstruction, as white Democrats regained political control of the state. He died in 1931 at historic period 89.[29]

Algernon Sidney Badger, a Boston, Massachusetts native, held various appointed federal positions in New Orleans only nether Republican national administrations during and afterwards Reconstruction. He first came to New Orleans with the Union Army in 1863 and never left the area. He is interred at that place at Metairie Cemetery.[thirty]

George Luke Smith, a New Hampshire native, served briefly in the U.Southward. House from Louisiana's 4th congressional district just was unseated in 1874 past the Democrat William Chiliad. Levy. He then left Shreveport for Hot Springs, Arkansas.[31]

A cartoon threatening that the KKK will lynch scalawags (left) and carpetbaggers (correct) on March 4, 1869, the day Horatio Seymour, a Democrat, volition supposedly go President. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Contained Monitor, September 1, 1868. The cartoonist had bodily local politicians in mind. A full-scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoonː Guy W. Hubbs, Searching for Liberty later on the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman (2015) excerpt.

Alabama [edit]

George E. Spencer was a prominent Republican U.S. Senator. His 1872 reelection campaign in Alabama opened him to allegations of "political betrayal of colleagues; manipulation of Federal patronage; embezzlement of public funds; buy of votes; and intimidation of voters past the presence of Federal troops." He was a major speculator in a distressed financial paper.[32]

Georgia [edit]

Tunis Campbell, a black New York man of affairs, was hired in 1863 by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to help former slaves in Port Majestic, South Carolina. When the Civil War ended, Campbell was assigned to the Sea Islands of Georgia, where he engaged in an plain successful land reform program for the benefit of the freedmen. He somewhen became vice-chair of the Georgia Republican Party, a land senator and the head of an African-American militia which he hoped to utilise against the Ku Klux Klan.[29]

Arkansas [edit]

The "Brooks–Baxter War" was a factional dispute, 1872–74 that culminated in an armed confrontation in 1874 between factions of the Arkansas Republican Party over the disputed 1872 election for governor. The victor in the stop was the "Minstrel" faction led by carpetbagger Elisha Baxter over the "Brindle Tail" faction led past Joseph Brooks, which included most of the scalawags. The dispute weakened both factions and the unabridged Republican Party, enabling the sweeping Democratic victory in the 1874 state elections.[33]

William Furbush [edit]

William Hines Furbush, born a mixed-race slave in Carroll County, Kentucky in 1839 received part of his educational activity in Ohio. He migrated to Helena, Arkansas in 1862. Later on returning to Ohio in Feb 1865, he joined the Forty-second Colored Infantry.

After the state of war, Furbush migrated to Liberia through the American Colonization Society, where he connected to work equally a photographer. He returned to Ohio later 18 months and moved dorsum to Arkansas by 1870. Furbush was elected to ii terms in the Arkansas Business firm of Representatives, 1873–74 (from an African-American majority commune in the Arkansas Delta, made up of Phillips and Monroe counties.) He served in 1879–fourscore from the newly established Lee Canton.[34] [35] [36]

In 1873 the state passed a civil rights law. Furbush and three other black leaders, including the bill's principal sponsor, land senator Richard A. Dawson, sued a Little Rock barkeeper for refusing to serve their grouping. The adapt resulted in the simply successful Reconstruction prosecution nether the state's ceremonious rights constabulary. In the legislature Furbush worked to create a new county, Lee, from portions of Phillips, Crittenden, Monroe and St. Francis counties in eastern Arkansas, which had a blackness-bulk population.[ citation needed ]

Following the end of his 1873 legislative term, Furbush was appointed as canton sheriff by Republican Governor Elisha Baxter. Furbush twice won reelection as sheriff, serving from 1873 to 1878. During his term, he adopted a policy of "fusion", a postal service-Reconstruction power-sharing compromise between Populist Democrats and Republicans. Furbush was originally elected as a Republican, just he switched to the Democratic Party at the cease of his time as sheriff. Democrats held most of the economic power and cooperating with them could brand his future.[37]

In 1878, Furbush was elected again to the Arkansas Firm. His election is notable because he was elected as a blackness Democrat during a entrada flavour notorious for white intimidation of black and Republican voters in black-majority eastern Arkansas. He was the first-known black Democrat elected to the Arkansas General Associates.[37]

In March 1879 Furbush left Arkansas for Colorado.[37] He returned to Arkansas in 1888, setting upwards do as a lawyer. In 1889, he co-founded the African American paper National Democrat. He left the state in the 1890s after it disenfranchised black voters. Furbush died in Indiana in 1902 at a veterans' home.[37]

Texas [edit]

Carpetbaggers were least numerous in Texas. Republicans controlled the land authorities from 1867 to January 1874. Just i state official and one justice of the state supreme courtroom were Northerners. About thirteen% to 21% of district courtroom judges were Northerners, along with nearly ten% of the delegates who wrote the Reconstruction constitution of 1869. Of the 142 men who served in the 12th Legislature, some 12 to 29 were from the North. At the county level, Northerners made upwardly about 10% of the commissioners, county judges and sheriffs.[38]

George Thompson Reddish, an African American from New York Metropolis who grew up in Portland, Maine, worked every bit a teacher in New Orleans from 1864 until 1866 when he migrated to Texas. There he was assigned to Galveston equally an amanuensis and teacher for the Freedmen'southward Bureau. Agile in the Republican Party and elected as a delegate to the country constitutional convention in 1868–1869, Cherry-red was later on elected every bit a Texas state senator and had broad influence. He supported structure of railroads to support Galveston business. He was instrumental in organizing African-American dockworkers into the Labor Union of Colored Men, to gain them jobs at the docks after 1870. When Democrats regained control of the country government in 1874, Ruby returned to New Orleans, working in journalism. He also became a leader of the Exoduster motility. Blacks from the Deep S migrated to homestead in Kansas in order to escape white supremacist violence and the oppression of segregation.[38]

Historiography [edit]

The Dunning school of American historians (1900–1950) espoused White supremacy and viewed "carpetbaggers" unfavorably, arguing that they degraded the political and business culture. The revisionist school in the 1930s chosen them stooges of Northern business interests. After 1960 the neoabolitionist school emphasized their moral courage.[39]

Modern use [edit]

United Kingdom [edit]

Building societies [edit]

Carpetbagging was used as a term in Corking U.k. in the late 1990s during the moving ridge of demutualizations of edifice societies. It indicated members of the public who joined mutual societies with the hope of making a quick turn a profit from the conversion.[40] Contemporarily speaking, the term carpetbagger refers to roving financial opportunists, frequently of small means, who spot investment opportunities and aim to benefit from a set of circumstances to which they are not unremarkably entitled. In recent years the all-time opportunities for carpetbaggers take come from opening membership accounts at building societies for as piffling equally £100, to authorize for windfalls running into thousands of pounds from the procedure of conversion and takeover. The influx of such transitory 'token' members as carpetbaggers, took advantage of these nugatory deposit criteria, ofttimes to instigate or accelerate the trend towards wholesale demutualization.

Investors in these mutuals would receive shares in the new public companies, unremarkably distributed at a flat charge per unit, thus every bit benefiting small and large investors, and providing a broad incentive for members to vote for conversion-advocating leadership candidates. The word was first used in this context in early 1997 past the chief executive of the Woolwich Edifice Lodge, who announced the society's conversion with rules removing the near recent new savers' entitlement to potential windfalls and stated in a media interview, "I have no qualms about disenfranchising carpetbaggers."[ citation needed ]

Between 1997 and 2002, a group of pro-demutualization supporters "Members for Conversion" operated a website, carpetbagger.com, which highlighted the best ways of opening share accounts with UK building societies, and organized demutualization resolutions.[41] [42] [ full citation needed ] This led many building societies to implement anti-carpetbagging policies, such as not accepting new deposits from customers who lived outside the normal operating expanse of the club.

The term continues to be used within the co-operative move to, for instance, refer to the demutualization of housing co-ops.[43]

Politics [edit]

The term carpetbagger has besides been applied to those who join the Labour Party but lack roots in the working class that the party was formed to represent.[44]

Earth State of war 2 [edit]

During World War II, the U.S. Part of Strategic Services surreptitiously supplied necessary tools and material to anti-Nazi resistance groups in Europe. The OSS called this effort Operation Carpetbagger. The modified B-24 aircraft used for the night-time missions were referred to as "carpetbaggers". (Amongst other special features, they were painted a not-glossy black to brand them less visible to searchlights.) Between January and September 1944, Operation Carpetbagger operated i,860 sorties betwixt RAF Harrington, England, and various points in occupied Europe.[45] British Agents used this "dissonance" as encompass for their utilise of Carpetbagger for the nominated Amanuensis who was carrying monies [authentic and counterfeit] to the Underground/Resistance.[ citation needed ]

Australia [edit]

In Australia, the term "carpetbagger" refers to unscrupulous dealers and business managers in ethnic Australian fine art.[46] [47] [48] [49]

The term "carpetbagger" was also used past John Fahey, a one-time Premier of New Due south Wales and federal Liberal finance minister, in the context of shoddy "tradespeople" who travelled to Queensland to take reward of victims following the 2010–2011 Queensland floods.[l] [51]

United States [edit]

In the United States, the mutual usage, ordinarily derogatory, refers to politicians who motion to different states, districts or areas to run for role despite their lack of local ties or familiarity.[52] For instance, W Virginia Congressman Alex Mooney was attacked as a carpetbagger when he first ran for Congress in 2014, every bit he had previously been a Maryland State Senator and Chairman of the Maryland Republican Party.[53]

The awards season blog of The New York Times is titled "The Carpetbagger".[54] [ better source needed ]

Cuisine [edit]

A carpetbag steak or carpetbagger steak is an end cut of steak that is pocketed and stuffed with oysters, amidst other ingredients, such as mushrooms, blue cheese, and garlic. The steak is sutured with toothpicks or thread, and is sometimes wrapped in bacon.[55] The combination of beef and oysters is traditional. The earliest specific reference is in a United states newspaper in 1891. The primeval specific Australian reference is a printed recipe from betwixt 1899 and 1907.[56]

France [edit]

Politics [edit]

In French politics, carpetbagging is known as parachutage.[57]

See also [edit]

  • Rootless cosmopolitans

References [edit]

  1. ^ Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff. Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic, third edition, New York: McGraw Loma, 2002
  2. ^ "The South after Reconstruction | Boundless US History". courses.lumenlearning.com . Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  3. ^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America'due south Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (1988) p 296
  4. ^ "Business organization: Your Money Is carpetbagging dead?". BBC. January 22, 1999. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  5. ^ Paul S. Boyer; Clifford Eastward. Clark; Sandra Hawley; Joseph F. Kett; Andrew Rieser (January 5, 2009). The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865, Concise. Cengage Learning. pp. 362–. ISBN978-0-547-22278-3.
  6. ^ Stephen L. Vaughn, ed., Encyclopedia of American Journalism (2007) pp 440-41.
  7. ^ Richard H. Abbott, For Complimentary Printing and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South (2004).
  8. ^ Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Regal Experiment (1976).
  9. ^ Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins, The Scalawag in Alabama Politics. 1865–1881 (University of Alabama Press. 1991).
  10. ^ Richard Nelson Electric current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers (Oxford University Press. 1988)
  11. ^ Godbey, William Baxter, "Autobiography of Rev. W. B. Godbey, A.M.", God'south Revivalist Office. Cincinnati. 1909.
  12. ^ Williams, Heather Andrea, Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom, Academy of Northward Carolina Press,
  13. ^ Foner, 1988, pp. 137
  14. ^ Foner 1988 pp 294–295
  15. ^ Foner 1988 pp 289
  16. ^ Klein 1968 p. 269
  17. ^ Garner (1902); Harris (1979)
  18. ^ George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, Athens, GA: Academy of Georgia Press, 1984, p.132
  19. ^ Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, paperback, 2007, pp.fourscore–87
  20. ^ Garner 187–88
  21. ^ Mayes, Edward (1896). Lucius Q.C. Lamar: His Life, Times, and Speeches. 1825-1893. Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church building, South. p. 149.
  22. ^ Total text in Garner, pp. 399–400.
  23. ^ a b c d Escott 160
  24. ^ a b Foner, 1988, pp. 387
  25. ^ Elliott, Mark, Colour-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Ceremonious War to Plessy V. Ferguson, Oxford University Printing, 2008, p. 119
  26. ^ Hill, Christopher, "Summary" of a Fool's Errand, http://docsouth.unc.edu/church building/tourgee/summary.html
  27. ^ Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, paperback, 2007
  28. ^ a b Simkins and Woody. (1932)
  29. ^ a b c Foner (1968)
  30. ^ "Badger, Algernon Sidney". Louisiana Historical Association, A Lexicon of Louisiana Biography. Archived from the original on Oct 13, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
  31. ^ "George Luke Smith", Biographical Directory of the The states Congress
  32. ^ Woolfolk (1966); Foner (1968) p 295
  33. ^ Earl F. Woodward, "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872–1874", Arkansas Historical Quarterly (1971) 30#4 pp. 315-336 in JSTOR
  34. ^ Eric Foner Freedom'due south Lawmakers: A Directory of Blackness Officeholders during Reconstruction (1993) p. 79
  35. ^ Blake Wintory, "William Hines Furbush: An African American, Carpetbagger, Republican, Fusionist and Democrat." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 63 (Summer 2004): 107–165. in JSTOR
  36. ^ Blake J. Wintory, "African-American Legislators in the Arkansas Full general Associates, 1868–1893." Arkansas Historical Quarterly (2006): 385-434. in JSTOR
  37. ^ a b c d "William Hines Furbush (1839–1902)" in The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture (2010)
  38. ^ a b Campbell (1994)
  39. ^ Jeffrey Hummel (2013). Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Ceremonious War. Open Court. p. 178. ISBN9780812698442.
  40. ^ Matthews, Race (April xvi, 2000). "Looting the Mutuals: The Ethics and Economic science of Demutualisation. Groundwork Paper for an Address on "Succession and Constancy of Mutuals"" (Mutuality 2000: Continuing and Emerging Examples Conference). Brisbane. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved August iv, 2008.
  41. ^ Patrick Sherwen (December 4, 1999). "New king's decree favours 'democratic' way". The Guardian. London. Mr Yendall offered to accept charge of an attack by carpetbagger.com on 3 edifice societies earlier the new rules came into effect and beat the deadline by a matter of hours.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Ash, Stephen V. When the Yankees Came: Disharmonize and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861–1865 University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
  • Barnes, Kenneth C. Who Killed John Clayton. Knuckles University Press, 1998; violence in Arkansas.
  • Brown, Canter, Jr. "Carpetbagger Intrigues, Black Leadership, and a Southern Loyalist Triumph: Florida's Gubernatorial Election of 1872" Florida Historical Quarterly, 1994 72 (3): 275–301. ISSN 0015-4113. Shows how African Americans joined Redeemers to defeat corrupt carpetbagger running for reelection.
  • Bryant, Emma Spaulding. Emma Spaulding Bryant: Civil War Bride, Carpetbagger'south Wife, Agog Feminist; Messages and Diaries, 1860–1900 Fordham University Press, 2004. 503 pp.
  • Campbell, Randolph B. "Carpetbagger Rule in Reconstruction Texas: an Enduring Myth." Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 1994 97 (iv): 587–596. ISSN 0038-478X
  • Candeloro, Dominic. "Louis Post every bit a Carpetbagger in Southward Carolina: Reconstruction every bit a Forerunner of the Progressive Movement." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 34#4 (1975): 423-432.
  • Current, Richard Nelson. Those Terrible Carpetbaggers: A Reinterpretation (1988), a favorable view.
  • Currie-Mcdaniel, Ruth. Carpetbagger of Conscience: A Biography of John Emory Bryant, Fordham University Press, 1999; religious reformer in Due south Carolina.
  • Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff. Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic. third. New York: McGraw Colina, 2002.
  • Durden, Robert Franklin; James Shepherd Motorway: Republicanism and the American Negro, 1850–1882 Duke University Printing, 1957
  • Paul D. Escott; Many Excellent People: Ability and Privilege in Due north Carolina, 1850–1900, University of Northward Carolina Press, 1985.
  • Fleming, Walter L. Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial 2 vol 1906. Uses broad drove of primary sources.
  • Foner, Eric. Freedom'southward Lawmakers: A Directory Of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, 1993, Revised, 1996, LSU Press.
  • Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America'due south Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 at Google Books (1988). Harper & Row, 1988, recent standard history.
  • Fowler, Wilton B. "A Carpetbagger's Conversion to White Supremacy." Northward Carolina Historical Review, 1966 43 (3): 286–304. ISSN 0029-2494
  • Galdieri, Christopher J. 2019. Stranger in a Strange State: The Politics of Carpetbagging from Robert Kennedy to Scott Brown. SUNY Press.
  • Garner, James Wilford. Reconstruction in Mississippi (1902)
  • Harris, William C. The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi Louisiana State University Press, 1979.
  • Harris, William C. "James Lynch: Black Leader in Southern Reconstruction", Historian 1971 34 (1): twoscore–61. ISSN 0018-2370; Lynch was Mississippi's first African American secretarial assistant of state.
  • Klein, Maury. "Southern Railroad Leaders, 1865–1893: Identities and Ideologies" Business organization History Review, 1968 42 (three): 288–310. ISSN 0007-6805 Fulltext in JSTOR.
  • Morrow, Ralph E.; Northern Methodism and Reconstruction Michigan State University Press, 1956.
  • Olsen, Otto H. Carpetbagger's Crusade: The Life of Albion Winegar Tourgee (1965)
  • Post, Louis F. "A 'Carpetbagger' in S Carolina", The Periodical of Negro History Vol. 10, No. one (Jan. 1925), pp. 10–79 autobiography. in JSTOR
  • Prince, K. Stephen. "Legitimacy and Interventionism: Northern Republicans, the 'Terrible Carpetbagger,' and the Retreat from Reconstruction." Journal of the Civil War Era two#four (2012): 538-63
  • Simkins, Francis Butler, and Robert Hilliard Woody. South Carolina during Reconstruction (1932).
  • Tunnell, Ted. Border of the Sword: The Ordeal of Carpetbagger Marshall H. Twitchell in the Civil War and Reconstruction. LSU Printing, 2001, on Louisiana.
  • Tunnell, Ted. "Creating 'the Propaganda of History': Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and Scalawag", Journal of Southern History, (November 2006) 72#4.
  • Twitchell, Marshall Harvey. Carpetbagger from Vermont: The Autobiography of Marshall Harvey Twitchell. ed by Ted Tunnell; Louisiana State Academy Press, 1989. 216 pp.
  • Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk; The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865–1881. University of Alabama Press, 1991
  • Wintory, Blake. "William Hines Furbush: African-American Carpetbagger, Republican, Fusionist, and Democrat", Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 2004 63 (2): 107–165. ISSN 0004-1823
  • Wintory, Blake. "William Hines Furbush (1839–1902)" Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture (2006).
  • Woolfolk, Sarah Van Five. "George Due east. Spencer: a Carpetbagger in Alabama", Alabama Review, 1966 nineteen (1): 41–52. ISSN 0002-4341

External links [edit]

  • The dictionary definition of carpetbagger at Wiktionary

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger

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